The boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm pressure) is -196°C. Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in low-temperature scientific studies since the temperature of liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere will remain constant at-196°C until it is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810 kg/m3 at 1 atm. Consider a 3-m diameter spherical tank that is initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and - 196°C. The tank is exposed to ambient air at 15°C, with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 35 W/m2 · °C. The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same as the temperature of the nitrogen inside. Determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the ambient air if the tank is (a) not insulated, (b) insulated with 5-cm-thick fiberglass insulation (k = 0.035 W/m · °C), and (c) insulated with 2-cm-thick superinsulation which has an effective thermal conductivity of 0.00005 W/m · °C. (Answer: 1.055kg/s, 0.0214kg/s, 0.000076Kg/s)
